Microbial and Systemic Effects of SNAC-Enabled Oral Semaglutide Administration
February 20, 2026
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Brand Name :
N/A
Synonyms :
apaziquone hydroquinone
Class :
Indolequinone agent
Brand Name :
N/A
Synonyms :
apaziquone hydroquinone
Class :
Indolequinone agent
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Administer a dose of 4 mg via intravesical route (by using urethral catheter into the bladder) for 6 times every week
Not determined
Refer to adult dosing
Actions and Spectrum
Apaziquone hydroquinone is a chemical analogue of the antiquated chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C.
Intracellular reductases in hypoxic cells like those on the inner surface of the bladder convert apaziquone into active metabolites.
Frequency not defined
None
Black Box Warning
None
Contraindication/Caution:
None
Pregnancy/Lactation
Pregnancy consideration:
Pregnancy category: N/A
Lactation: Excretion into human milk is unknown
Pregnancy Categories:
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.
Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments
Category C: There was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D: Adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence, these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category.
Pharmacology
It is an indolequinone which is a chemical analogue of the antiquated chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C and a bio reductive prodrug.
Pharmacodynamics
Intracellular reductases transform apaziquone into active metabolites in hypoxic cells, such as those on the inner surface of the bladder.
DNA is alkylated by the active metabolites, which cause apoptosis.
Pharmacokinetics
Limited information available on ADME.
Administration
Apaziquone hydroquinone is administered through irrigation i.e. by bathing or flushing open wounds, body cavities or surfaces.
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: apaziquone hydroquinone
Why do we use apaziquone hydroquinone?
Apaziquone hydroquinone is under clinical studies for the treatment of superficial (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancer.
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